0000102667 00000 n "Turner and the frontier myth. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Not the constitution but free land and an abundance of natural resources open to a fit people, made the democratic type of society in America for three centuries while it occupied its empire. WebIn 1890, the U.S. Census revealed that the frontier (defined as fewer than two people per square mile) was closed. While certainly not all reformers espoused a racist view of intelligence and civilization, many of these reformers believed that the Anglo-Saxon race was mentally superior to others and owed the presumed less evolved populations their stewardship and social uplift-a service the British writer Rudyard Kipling termed the white mans burden.. John Perry Barlow, along with Mitch Kapor, promoted the idea of cyberspace (the realm of telecommunication) as an "electronic frontier" beyond the borders of any physically based government, in which freedom and self-determination could be fully realized. "Turnerians all: the dream of a helpful history in an intelligible world. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Fish spent much of his time settling international disputes involving American interests, including claims that British assistance to the Confederates prolonged the Civil War for about two years. [16], Successive generations moved further inland, shifting the lines of settlement and wilderness, but preserving the essential tension between the two. In the history of religion, for example, Boles (1993) notes that William Warren Sweet at the University of Chicago Divinity School as well as Peter G. Mode (in 1930), argued that churches adapted to the characteristics of the frontier, creating new denominations such as the Mormons, the Church of Christ, the Disciples of Christ, and the Cumberland Presbyterians. Rejecting the East and West coast life styles that most scientists preferred, they selected a Chicago suburb on the prairie as the location of the lab. The closing of the frontier Smarthistory "Frontier culture: The roots and persistence of rugged individualism in the United States. Urban historian Richard C. Wade challenged the Frontier Thesis in his first asset, The Urban Frontier (1959), asserting that western cities such as Pittsburgh, Louisville, and Cincinnati, not the farmer pioneers, were the catalysts for western expansion. 0000099913 00000 n While the navy had introduced the first all-steel, triple-hulled steam engine vessels seven years earlier, they had only thirteen of them in operation by 1890. The Census of 1890 and the Closing of the Frontier. The existence of an area of free land, its continuous recession, and the advance of American settlement westward, explain American development. The conquest of the American frontier is one of the most exciting and dramatic stories in American history. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [50][51] Scholars analyzing the Internet have often cited Frederick Jackson Turner's frontier model. The Frontier In American History by Frederick Turner: Franklin Library 1977 (LE) Frederick Jackson Turner. Countries in Europe were building their empires through global power and trade, and the United States did not want to be left behind. t!p/G>Q]y wh4R}b]Z,SqCES7J.2U|?}=8lD7{A+[/SW7i|9vtB3X[gY.~0u83cRuq[v5^>Vq6Vwt1gcY vy_>rs&^*s[&=u{{ >0cGL%i&yb|&zb2tVVVAQ4fY)6^;bb/" 0i 1n eplg\tCKGHAXb-s1Z4&34z 'q9q!$`>HNq|HB. Ax4HR&6DH&A)E@o Source: Frederick Jackson Turner, The Frontier in American History, 1919. "On Modernizing Frederick Jackson Turner,", This page was last edited on 6 January 2023, at 16:57. Up to our own day American history has been in a large ", Carpenter, Ronald H. "Frederick Jackson Turner and the rhetorical impact of the frontier thesis. As a result of these growing economic pressures, American exports to other nations skyrocketed in the years following the Civil War, from $234 million in 1865 to $605 million in 1875. Turner moved to the Huntington Library in San Marino, California, where he remained as senior research associate until his death. The Importance of Frontiers WebFrederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History" 1893 This brief official statement marks the closing of a great historic movement. "Frederick Jackson Turner Overlooked the Ladies. WebIt was the vast frontier stretching out to the west of the developed land on the North American continent that shaped the American characterand the course of US history. The American frontier began when the British colonialists settled in North America in the 17th century and ended with the admission of New Mexico and Arizona in Also mindful of the mitigating influence of a frontier-in terms of easing pressure from increased immigration and population expansion in the eastern and midwestern United States-he encouraged new outlets for further population growth, whether as lands for further American settlement or to accommodate more immigrants. That is exactly what happened. [43], Subsequent critics, historians, and politicians have suggested that other 'frontiers,' such as scientific innovation, could serve similar functions in American development. OUP is the world's largest university press with the widest global presence. This was particularly true among women missionaries, who composed over 60 percent of the overall missionary force. Awarded a doctorate in 1891, Turner was one of the first historians professionally trained in the United States rather than in Europe. AS THE OPEN RANGE GAVE WAY TO RANCHING FEWER & FEWER COWBOYS WERE NEEDED IN THE Everything in American history up to the 1880s somehow relates the western frontier, including slavery. He was an early leader of the American Historical Association, serving as its president in 1910 and on the editorial board of the associations American Historical Review from 1910 to 1915. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. ", Faragher, John Mack. WebIn The Significance of the Frontier in American History (1893) he asserted that the American character had been shaped by frontier life and the end of the frontier era. It currently publishes more than 6,000 new publications a year, has offices in around fifty countries, and employs more than 5,500 people worldwide. 0000002336 00000 n He stressed the process of "winning a wilderness" to extend the frontier line further for U.S. colonization, and the impact this had on pioneer culture and character. Editors of such magazines as Century, Outlook, and Harpers supported an imperialistic stance as the democratic responsibility of the United States. Turner saw the closing of the Frontier as an end to an era of expansionism and development of Americans character. According to Turner, American progress has repeatedly undergone a cyclical process on the frontier line as society has needed to redevelop with its movement westward. [44] At his acceptance speech upon securing the Democratic Party nomination for U.S. president on July 15, 1960, Kennedy called out to the American people, "I am asking each of you to be new pioneers on that New Frontier.